The Xenophile Historian

A History of Africa

	Introduction
	When the Sahara Was Green
	The First Steps Toward Civilization

	The Gift of the Nile
	Most Ancient Egypt
	The Archaic or Protodynastic Era
	The Pyramid Age
	Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt
	Egyptian Mathematics and Science
	Ancient Nubia
	The End of the Old Kingdom
	The Middle Kingdom
	The Second Intermediate Period
	The Rise of the New Kingdom
	Imperial Egypt
	The Amarna Revolution
	The Ramessid Age
	The Third Intermediate Period

	Elissa's New City
	The First Phase of the Struggle For Sicily
	The Dionysian Wars
	Timoleon's War
	Agathocles Strikes the Carthaginian Heartland
	The Pyrrhic Epilogue

	Egypt: The Late Period
	The Ptolemaic Era
	The Queen of Kings
	Kush: The Meroitic Phase
	The End of Pharaonic Egypt
	Roman Africa
	North African Christianity
	Axum
	The Vandal Kingdom
	Meanwhile, Below the Sahara
	Africa's Population In Ancient Times
	Ancient African Explorers

	The Sword of Islam
	Across the Burning Sands
	The Rise of Ghana
	Islam Divided
	Nigerian Surprises
	The Cities of the Messiah and the Conqueror
	Cities of Coral
	Ghana Revisited
	Medieval Ethiopia and Nubia
	The Legend of Prester John
	Mali
	The Prince of Travelers
	Kanem, Bornu and the Hausa States
	Mapungubwe, Thulamela and Zimbabwe: A Heritage Restored

	Prince Henry's Captains
	The Way to the Orient
	Songhay
	Kongo and the Rise of Modern Slavery
	Mwene Mutapa
	Cross vs. Crescent: The Indian Ocean and East Africa
	Cross vs. Crescent: The Mediterranean Front and the Maghreb
	Morocco and the Sahel Out of Balance
	East African Tribal Migrations
	Dutch, French, English and Omani Intruders
	Benin
	Oyo and Dahomey
	Ashanti
	Luba, Lunda and Kuba
	The Barbary States
	The Cape Colony
	Madagascar Coalesces
	The Effects of the Slave Trade on Population

	Great Britain Comes to South Africa
	The Napoleonic Gambit
	The Fulani Jihads
	"To the Shores of Tripoli"
	The Golden Age of African Exploration Begins
	Shaka Zulu
	Madagascar: The Merina Monarchy
	Mohammed Ali Modernizes Egypt
	The Abolitionist Triumph
	France Invades Algeria
	Aftershocks of the Mfecane
	The Great Trek
	David Livingstone
	The Quest for the Source of the Nile
	Egypt in Bondage
	The Mahdist Revolt
	Abyssinia Regenerates
	The Zulu War
	The "Scramble for Africa," Part I
	From the Cape to Cairo
	"Heart of Darkness"
	From Dakar to Djibouti
	The Boer War
	Libya and Morocco: The Last Unturned Stones

	World War I
	Troubles in the Italian Empire
	The Beginnings of African Nationalism
	The Rif War and Maghreb Nationalism
	The Road to World War II Passed Through Ethiopia
	The Liberation of French Africa
	The See-Saw Struggle in North Africa
	Decolonization Begins
	North Africa Rejoins the Arab World
	The Mau Mau Rebellion
	"The African Year": Independence Below the Sahara
	The Congo Crisis
	South Africa and Rhodesia: Segregation Forever

	Independence: Tying Up the Loose Ends
	Civil War in the Ex-Portuguese Empire
	Who Owns the Western Sahara?
	One-Man Rule:
	The Good
	The Bad
	And the Ugly
	North Africa Takes a Military Road
	Tunisia & Egypt
	Algeria
	Somalia & Sudan
	Libya
	Mauritania
	Nigeria: The Great Underachiever
	The Island at the End of the World

	The Horn of Africa: Horn of Famine
	Ethiopia & Eritrea
	Somalia
	Southern Africa: The Fall of Apartheid
	Rhodesia/Zimbabwe
	South Africa
	Southwest Africa/Namibia
	Rwanda, Burundi, and the Congo: Still the Dark Heart of Africa
	America's Stepchild and Her Anarchic Neighbors
	Liberia
	The Ivory Coast
	Sierra Leone
	The Islamist Menace
	Starting Over Again With the African Union
	Modern African Demographics
	The Challenges Facing Modern Africa