![](exphorsa.gif)
A History of Europe
Contents
(and malcontents)
Chapter 1: Pre-history and Forgotten History
Before 200 B.C.
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Introduction |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Out of the Ice |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
From Cave to Village |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Megalith Builders |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Minoans |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Bronze Age and the Indo-European Migration |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Mycenaeans |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Phoenician Pioneers |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Villanovan Culture |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Celts |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Pre-Roman Britain |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Legends of the Emerald Isle |
Chapter 2: Classical Greece
1000 to 197 B.C.
![](expbul1a.gif) |
What Made Classical Greece So Special? |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Archaic Period |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Colonization |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Aristocracy, Oligarchy, and Tyranny |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Militant Sparta |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Athenian Road to Democracy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Persian Wars |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Why the Greeks Won |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Athenian Democracy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Greek Medicine |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Hellenic Poetry and Drama |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Hellenic Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Athenian Society |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Athenian Imperialism |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Athenian-Spartan Rivalry |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Peloponnesian War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Spartan and Theban Ascendancy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Philip of Macedon |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Alexander the Pretty-Good |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Alexander's Empire Up For Grabs |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Hellenistic Devolution |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Pre-Classical Greek Religion |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Early Philosophers |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Sophists and Socrates |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Plato and Aristotle |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Other Developments in Greek Philosophy |
Chapter 3: The Rise of Rome
753 to 27 B.C.
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Etruscans |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Founding of Rome |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Roman Monarchy, 753-509 B.C. |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Roman Republic: The Early Years |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Rome Becomes the Capital of Italy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Samnite Wars |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Pyrrhus |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Carthage |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First Punic War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Interbellum |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Hannibal and the Second Punic War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Roman Intervention in the East |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Third Punic War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Growing Pains |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Reforms of the Gracchi |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Marius |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Social War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Sulla |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Pompey's Campaigns and Spartacus |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Catiline Conspiracy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Rise of Julius Caesar |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Gallic Wars |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Caesar Rules Alone |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Second Triumvirate |
27 B.C. to 180 A.D.
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Caesar Augustus |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Tiberius |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Caligula |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Claudius I |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Nero |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Flavian Dynasty |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Antonines: "Five Good Emperors" |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Roman Achievement |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Economic Prosperity |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Rome, Imperial Capital |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Roman Engineering and Architecture |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Knowledge and Science in the Roman Empire |
Chapter 5: Decline and Fall
180 to 476 A.D.
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Troubled Times Begin |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Severan Dynasty |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Barbarians Learn New Tricks |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Soldier Emperors |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Diocletian |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Tetrarchy Breaks Down |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Constantine I |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Constantinian Christianity |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Announcing the Middle Ages |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Constantine's Successors Muddle Through |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Julian the Apostate |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The House of Valentinian |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Beginning of the End of the Classical World |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Notable Fifth-Century Christians |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Alaric the Visigoth |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Gaiseric the Lame |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Attila the Hun |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Arthurian Mythos |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Final Collapse of the West |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The East Survives |
Chapter 6: The West at its Lowest Ebb
476 to 741
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Rise of Feudalism |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
What Really Happened in Medieval Warfare |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Clovis |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Theodoric the Ostrogoth |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Justinian |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Justinian's Campaigns |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Avars, Lombards and Slavs on the Move |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Heraclius |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Byzantine Way |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Visigoth Kingdom |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Merovingian Dynasty |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
England: The Heptarchy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Commerce in the Dark Ages |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Church's Role in the Recovery of the West |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Against Islam's First Wave: The Empire and the Eastern Church |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Iconoclasm: Act I |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Population in the Dark Ages |
Chapter 7: The Viking Era
741 to 1000
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Iconoclasm: Act II |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Charlemagne |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Carolingian Renaissance |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Wessex and the Carolingian States |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Fury of the Northmen |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Alfred the Great |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Atlantic Saga |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Commerce in the Viking Era |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Church Backslides and Splits |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Basil the Magnificent |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Macedonian Revival Continues |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Introducing Basil II |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Caliphate of Cordova |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First Reich and the Recovery of Christendom |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
A New Beginning |
Chapter 8: The High Middle Ages
1000 to 1300
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Basil the Bulgar-Slayer |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Kingmaker Princesses |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Normans Go to Italy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
William the Conqueror |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Norman Kingdoms |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Papal Investiture Controversy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
El Cid and the Reconquest |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Byzantium Under Siege Again |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Frederick Barbarossa |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Innocent III |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Commerce in the High Middle Ages |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Population Growth and Medieval Republics |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Plantagenets |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Centralization in France |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Frederick II, Il Stupor Mundi |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Mongol Horde in Poland and Hungary |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Embattled Empire |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Magna Carta and the First Parliament |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Evolution of Castles |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Central Europe's Technological Experiment |
Chapter 9: Transition and Turmoil
1300 to 1485
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Hanseatic League and the Merchants of Venice |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Scotland vs. England |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Hundred Years War: From Sluys to Crécy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Black Death |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Hundred Years War: Reverses and Revolts |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Rise of the Hapsburgs |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Birth of Switzerland |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Union of Kalmar |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Great Schism |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Wycliffe and the Hussites |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Failure of Greenland |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Hundred Years War Resolved |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The End of the Byzantine Empire |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Nice Knowing You, Burgundy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Wars of the Roses, Phase 1 (1455-65) |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Wars of the Roses, Phase 2 (1469-71) |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Wars of the Roses, Phase 3 (1483-85) |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Showdown in Spain |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Renaissance Italy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Early Renaissance Men |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Economics at the End of the Middle Ages |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First Age of Invention |
Chapter 10: The Age When Europe Woke Up
1485 to 1618
![](expbul1a.gif) |
How the White Man Got Ahead of Everybody Else |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Politics of Europe at the End of the Fifteenth Century |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Subjugation of Italy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Artists of the High Renaissance |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Machiavelli |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Beginning of the Spanish Century |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Sixteenth-Century Population and Economics |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Reformation |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Ups and Downs of Charles V |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Revolts in France and the Netherlands |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Spanish Armada |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Merrie Olde England |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Sweden Returns to the Stage |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
How to Elect a King |
Chapter 11: The Game of Princes and Politics
1618 to 1772
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Thirty Years War: An Overview |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Bohemian Phase |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Danish Phase |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Swedish Phase |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The French Phase and the Treaty of Westphalia |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
England's Political Experiment |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Stuart Restoration |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Sweden at its Peak |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Sun King |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The War of the Spanish Succession |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Statistics on Population and Religion for the Early Eighteenth Century |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Scientific, Literary and Military Revolutions |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Wars of the Quadruple Alliance and the Polish Succession |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The War of the Austrian Succession |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Seven Years War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First Partition of Poland |
Chapter 12: A Generation of Revolution
1772 to 1815
![](expbul1a.gif) |
It All Started in America |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First French Revolution |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Reign of Terror |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Directory |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The End of Poland--For Now |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Enter Napoleon Bonaparte |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The United Irishmen's Revolt |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First Consul Takes on the Second Coalition |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First French Empire |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Napoleon at the Height of Power |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
From Moscow to Elba |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Hundred Days |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Population at the End of the Revolutionary Era |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Industrial Revolution Begins |
Chapter 13: The Age of Industry
1815 to 1914
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Congress of Vienna |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Cracks in the Metternich System |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The July Revolution and the Birth of Belgium |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Rothschilds: Financial Royalty |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The German Confederation |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Sonderbund War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Demographics, 1815-1848 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Britain Goes Industrial |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Year of Unsuccessful Revolutions |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The First World's Fair |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Unification of Italy |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Iron Chancellor's Bag of Tricks |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Franco-Prussian War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Paris Commune |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Demographics, 1848-1871 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Bismarck's Peace |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Age of Imperialism |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Demographics, 1871-1914 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
A New Century Begins |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
How NOT to Win Friends and Influence People |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Powder Keg of Europe |
1914 to 1919
![](expbul1a.gif) |
It Started as the Third Balkan War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Lights Go Out |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Schlieffen Plan |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Decisive Campaign |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Other Events of 1914 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
1915 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
1916 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
1917 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Last German Offensive |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Central Powers Give Up |
1919 to 1939
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Disillusionment at Versailles |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Free Cities |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Irish Free State |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Ex-Monarchs |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
From Idealism to Upheaval |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Rise of Mussolini |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Scourge of the Depression |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
War Games in Ethiopia and Spain |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Suddenly, It Became Hitler's Austria |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Munich Agreement |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Maginot Line |
1939 to 1945
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Blitzkrieg Unleashed |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Hitler Strikes North |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Fall of the West |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Battle of Britain and the Campaigns of 1941 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Under the Swastika |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The "Final Solution" |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Underground Resistance |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Battle of the Atlantic |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Air War |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Underbelly of the Axis |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Liberation of France |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Final 150 Days |
1945 to 1990
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Due to Lack of Interest, World War III was Canceled |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Postwar Territorial Changes |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Nuremberg Trials |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Iron Curtain Descends |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Marshall Plan |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Occupied Germany and the Berlin Airlift |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Yugoslavia Breaks With Moscow |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Postwar Leaders of Western Europe |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Unrest in the Soviet Empire |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Fascism's Last Stand |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Nations That Tried to Buy Happiness |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Northern Ireland's Troubles |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Common Market |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The End of the Cold War |
1990 to 2000
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Late-Blooming Mediterranean Republics |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Northern Ireland Crisis -- Solved |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
A United States of Europe? |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Eastern Europe in the 1990s |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Yugoslav Wars: The Slovenian and Croatian Phases |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Yugoslav Wars: The Bosnian Phase |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
The Yugoslav Wars: The Albanian Phase |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Demographics, 1914-2000 |
![](expbul1a.gif) |
Europe Today |
Support this site!
© Copyright 2021 Charles Kimball
Remember to check out the rest of the content on this site.
|